{"id":15005,"date":"2017-09-21T11:21:00","date_gmt":"2017-09-21T09:21:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bodymind.nl\/who-is-afraid-of-a-h-i-g-h"},"modified":"2017-09-21T11:21:00","modified_gmt":"2017-09-21T09:21:00","slug":"who-is-afraid-of-a-h-i-g-h","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bodymind.nl\/en\/thinking\/who-is-afraid-of-a-h-i-g-h","title":{"rendered":"Who is afraid of a h i g h ?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>There is a Week Against Loneliness. Loneliness is not new, but that we look at it as a threat to public health is. Also new: the collective fear it instills. That fear says a lot about the times we live in.<\/p>\n<p>There is a Twitter account with over half a million followers that <span class=\"contentitem-sidenote mod-regular js-contentitem-sidenote\" data-id=\"115355\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-desktop\"><br \/>\n    <a class=\"contentitem-sidenote-description js-description js-link\" href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/facespics?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-public=\"1\">Find the Faces in Things Twitter account here.<\/a><br \/>\n    <span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-snippet\">&#8216;Faces in Things&#8217;<\/span><br \/>\n  <\/span><br \/>\n<\/span>is called. Once in a while it posts photos of objects &#8211; security cameras, buildings, clouds, plants, moving boxes &#8211; that have suspiciously human traits.<\/p>\n<p>Skylights become eyes, a half-opened zipper a sullen mouth, the handle of a discarded jerry can turns into a dainty nose.<\/p>\n<p>The photos invariably get thousands of likes, sometimes tens of thousands.<\/p>\n<p>I thought of Faces in Things when I read about a study conducted a decade ago by researchers at Harvard and the University of Chicago on the link between loneliness and anthropomorphism &#8211; attributing human characteristics to non-humans.<\/p>\n<p>What turned out: subjects who were lonely &#8211; or who, in the name of science, had been made temporarily lonely &#8211; were more likely to discern human traits in clocks, battery chargers, air purifiers and pillows than were non-lonely subjects.<\/p>\n<p>They also believed more strongly in the existence of supernatural forces and were more likely to attribute human emotions and intentions to their pets. And in abstract drawings, solitary subjects, more often than their non-solitary counterparts, disclaimed a face.<\/p>\n<p>Those who are lonely, the scientists concluded, see the world <span class=\"contentitem-infocard js-contentitem-infocard mod-regular\" title=\"Those who experience a lack of human contact, they wrote, \"create a world for themselves.\" data-id=\"115364\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-infocard-toggle-container js-toggle\"><abbr class=\"contentitem-infocard-snippet\">differently. <\/abbr> <\/span><br \/>\n<\/span>Who sees a world in which battery chargers have intentions, dogs are like people, and random pencil scratches <span class=\"contentitem-infocard js-contentitem-infocard mod-regular\" title=\"Source: Nicholas Epley, Scott Akalis, Adam Waytz, and John T. Cacioppo, \"Creating social connection through inferential reproduction: loneliness and perceived agency in gadgets, gods, and greyhounds. Psychological Science Vol. 19, no. 2 (2008)\" data-id=\"115183\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-infocard-toggle-container js-toggle\"><br \/>\n    <abbr class=\"contentitem-infocard-snippet\">can be read as eyes, ears and mouths. <\/abbr><br \/>\n  <\/span><br \/>\n<\/span> <\/p>\n<p>Who sees Faces in Things.<\/p>\n<h2>Loneliness: a problem for all of us<\/h2>\n<p>&#8220;Loneliness,&#8221; wrote American sociologist Robert S. Weiss in 1973, &#8220;is discussed more by songwriters than by social scientists.<\/p>\n<p>He saw this lack of scientific attention as professional negligence: loneliness, for those who experienced it, was so distressing, disruptive and sad that psychiatrists, psychologists and sociologists should do everything in their power to understand it. Weiss&#8217; book <em><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-sidenote mod-regular js-contentitem-sidenote\" data-id=\"115184\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n    <span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-desktop\"><br \/>\n      <a class=\"contentitem-sidenote-description js-description js-link\" href=\"https:\/\/mitpress.mit.edu\/books\/loneliness\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-public=\"1\">Read more about Loneliness by Robert S. Weiss on the MIT Press site.<\/a><br \/>\n      <span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-snippet\">Loneliness: The Experience of Emotional and Social Isolation<\/span><br \/>\n    <\/span><br \/>\n  <\/span><br \/>\n<\/em>was intended to help his professional colleagues do just that.<\/p>\n<p>Forty years later, things are very different. All over the world, sociologists, anthropologists, psychologists do, <span class=\"contentitem-sidenote mod-regular js-contentitem-sidenote\" data-id=\"115185\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-desktop\"><a class=\"contentitem-sidenote-description js-description js-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/25910391\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-public=\"1\">See, for example, this article on the genetics behind loneliness.<\/a><span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-snippet\">geneticists<\/span> <\/span><br \/>\n<\/span>and neuroscientists are researching the prevalence, causes and consequences of loneliness.<\/p>\n<p>On the heels of that scientific interest, a social and cultural fascination with solitude has also emerged, as evidenced by the steady stream of  <span class=\"contentitem-sidenote mod-regular js-contentitem-sidenote\" data-id=\"115187\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-desktop\"><a class=\"contentitem-sidenote-description js-description js-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.raadrvs.nl\/publicaties\/item\/de-vele-kanten-van-eenzaamheid\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-public=\"1\">See, for example, this report: The Many Sides of Loneliness (2017).<\/a><span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-snippet\">reports,<\/span> <\/span><\/span><span class=\"contentitem-sidenote mod-regular js-contentitem-sidenote\" data-id=\"115188\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-desktop\"><a class=\"contentitem-sidenote-description js-description js-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.parool.nl\/amsterdam\/wie-zijn-die-80-000-ernstig-eenzame-amsterdammers~a4502433\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-public=\"1\">See, for example, this newspaper report, &#8220;Who are the 80,000 &#8216;severely lonely&#8217; Amsterdammers?<\/a><span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-snippet\">media reports,<\/span> <\/span><\/span><span class=\"contentitem-sidenote mod-regular js-contentitem-sidenote\" data-id=\"115190\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-desktop\"><a class=\"contentitem-sidenote-description js-description js-link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.debezigebij.nl\/boeken\/de-eenzame-stad\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-public=\"1\">See, for example, this book: The Lonely City (2016).<\/a><span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-snippet\">books<\/span> <\/span><\/span>and  <span class=\"contentitem-sidenote mod-regular js-contentitem-sidenote\" data-id=\"115192\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-desktop\"><a class=\"contentitem-sidenote-description js-description js-link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/programmes\/b06vkhr5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-public=\"1\">See, for example, this BBC documentary: The Age of Loneliness (2016).<\/a><span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-snippet\">movies<\/span> <\/span><\/span>devoted to it.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>The collective fear of loneliness says a lot about the times we live in<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Loneliness is nothing new, of course: God already didn&#8217;t like the idea of Adam going through life alone, and we haven&#8217;t stopped talking about it since. Thinkers of <span class=\"contentitem-infocard js-contentitem-infocard mod-regular\" title=\"In his Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), eighteenth-century Scottish economist and philosopher Adam Smith described, among other things, that the \"horror of solitude\" makes us seek the company of others even when we are ashamed or do not want to be judged by others. People who grow up in solitude, Smith argued, would never get to know themselves, would not be able to judge themselves properly, and would overestimate both their own good qualities and the harm done to them.\" data-id=\"115365\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-infocard-toggle-container js-toggle\"><abbr class=\"contentitem-infocard-snippet\">Adam Smith <\/abbr> <\/span><br \/>\n<\/span>to <span class=\"contentitem-infocard js-contentitem-infocard mod-regular\" title=\"According to German-American philosopher Hannah Arendt (1906-1975), solitude was \"the basis for terror. Totalitarian regimes, she wrote in The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951), were successful because they isolated subjects from each other. Those who no longer had real contact with the people around them could no longer think properly, and thus became susceptible to the propaganda spread by the regime.\" data-id=\"115196\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-infocard-toggle-container js-toggle\"><abbr class=\"contentitem-infocard-snippet\">Hannah Arendt <\/abbr> <\/span><br \/>\n<\/span>have addressed it, there are <span class=\"contentitem-infocard js-contentitem-infocard mod-regular\" title=\"The literary sensation of the past few years, A Little Life by Hanya Yanagihara, is, according to the author himself, meant to be a \"portrait of loneliness.\" data-id=\"115197\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-infocard-toggle-container js-toggle\"><abbr class=\"contentitem-infocard-snippet\">novels written about it <\/abbr> <\/span><br \/>\n<\/span>and the history of pop music is, indeed, partly a history of loneliness.<\/p>\n<p>(I often think of Sting who, with a mixture of anger, despair and amazement endlessly repeating the two-word chorus of <em><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-sidenote mod-regular js-contentitem-sidenote\" data-id=\"115198\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n    <span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-desktop\"><a class=\"contentitem-sidenote-description js-description js-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=SaNt9-QkiHI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-public=\"1\">The Police: So Lonely (1978).<\/a><span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-snippet\">So Lonely<\/span> <\/span><br \/>\n  <\/span><br \/>\n<\/em>repeats).<\/p>\n<p>What is new is the way we look at loneliness &#8211; as a public health threat, and therefore, as a problem for all of us. Also new is the collective fear instilled by the phenomenon. That fear says a lot about the times we live in.<\/p>\n<aside class=\"contentitem-image mod-full-width mod-regular\">\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dynamic.decorrespondent.nl\/media\/320\/59c175f15f0d56556887583.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dynamic.decorrespondent.nl\/media\/320\/59c175f15f0d56556887583.jpg 320w, https:\/\/dynamic.decorrespondent.nl\/media\/600\/59c175f15f0d56556887583.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dynamic.decorrespondent.nl\/media\/904\/59c175f15f0d56556887583.jpg 904w\" alt=\"Still from the video 'Void' by Sarah Carlier\"><figcaption class=\"contentitem-caption\">Still from the video &#8216;Void&#8217; by Sarah Carlier<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/aside>\n<h2>Social pain<\/h2>\n<p>But first: what is loneliness? It is not the same as social isolation, not the same as being alone, and not the same as isolation. Unlike those more or less objective states, loneliness is a subjective experience &#8211; it is &#8220;the discrepancy between the social relationships a person would like, and the social relationships <span class=\"contentitem-infocard js-contentitem-infocard mod-regular\" title=\"Source: Christopher M. Masi, Hsi-Yuan Chen, Louise C. Hawkley and John T. Cacioppo: \"A Meta-Analysis of Interventions to Reduce Loneliness. Personality and Social Psychology Review, Vol.15, No.3 (2011)\" data-id=\"115199\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-infocard-toggle-container js-toggle\"><br \/>\n    <abbr class=\"contentitem-infocard-snippet\">that he or she has. <\/abbr><br \/>\n  <\/span><br \/>\n<\/span> <\/p>\n<p>Unlike isolation, which you can also experience as pleasant, solitude is never pleasant: &#8220;<em>it is gnawing rather than ennobling, a chronic distress without redeeming <span class=\"contentitem-infocard js-contentitem-infocard mod-regular\" title=\"'It gnaws more than it ennobles, a chronic pain with no redeeming features.'\" data-id=\"115367\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><span class=\"contentitem-infocard-toggle-container js-toggle\"><abbr class=\"contentitem-infocard-snippet\">features, <\/abbr> <\/span><\/span><\/em>&#8221; in the words of Robert S. Weiss.<\/p>\n<p>There is a distinction between social loneliness &#8211; the lack of a group to which you belong &#8211; and emotional loneliness &#8211; the lack of an intimate connection with another.<\/p>\n<p>Loneliness can be caused by circumstances outside yourself, such as a move or the death of a partner, but it can also be related to your emotional and cognitive predisposition. There are people who live solitary lives and rarely feel lonely; you can also have many friends and close family ties, and still be lonely.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>For about fifteen years there has been an evolutionary explanation for loneliness<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>And, and this is important: although when we think of loneliness we often think of the elderly, <span class=\"contentitem-infocard js-contentitem-infocard mod-regular\" title=\"Source: Pearl A. Dykstra: \"Older adult loneliness: myths and realities. European Journal of Ageing, Vol.6. No.2 (2009)\" data-id=\"115201\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-infocard-toggle-container js-toggle\"><abbr class=\"contentitem-infocard-snippet\">it affects all ages <\/abbr> <\/span><br \/>\n<\/span>&#8211; although the likelihood of loneliness does increase for people <span class=\"contentitem-infocard js-contentitem-infocard mod-regular\" title=\"Source: This is partly explained by health problems. Correcting for this, the likelihood of loneliness for this group is not necessarily higher than for other groups.\" data-id=\"115200\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-infocard-toggle-container js-toggle\"><br \/>\n    <abbr class=\"contentitem-infocard-snippet\">aged 75 and older. <\/abbr><br \/>\n  <\/span><br \/>\n<\/span>Other &#8220;at risk&#8221; groups include immigrants, people with health problems, and people with financial problems.<\/p>\n<p>For about fifteen years now, there has been an evolutionary explanation for loneliness, as for quite a few modern plagues.<\/p>\n<p>The idea: humans are social creatures, and our chances of surviving and passing on our genes are greater when we work together. When our ancestors were still wandering in small groups across that eternally recurring savannah, being alone was life-threatening, and so evolution has equipped us with mechanisms that make us perceive a lack of social contact as unpleasant: those who feel lonely try to counteract that feeling by connecting with others, and increase  <span class=\"contentitem-sidenote mod-regular js-contentitem-sidenote\" data-id=\"115203\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-desktop\"><a class=\"contentitem-sidenote-description js-description js-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.quantamagazine.org\/new-evidence-for-the-necessity-of-loneliness-20160510\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-public=\"1\">This recent article on Quanta clearly explains the evolutionary theory of loneliness.<\/a><span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-snippet\">Thus its chances of survival.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>So John T. Cacioppo, a neurobiologist at the University of Chicago and one of the pivotal figures in contemporary loneliness studies, compares loneliness to pain or to hunger: a sign that something is wrong, and a spur  <span class=\"contentitem-sidenote mod-regular js-contentitem-sidenote\" data-id=\"115206\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-desktop\"><a class=\"contentitem-sidenote-description js-description js-link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.johncacioppo.com\/books\/loneliness-human-nature-and-the-need-for-social-connection\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-public=\"1\">John T. Cacioppo has written a public book explaining these findings: read more about it here.<\/a><span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-snippet\">To do something about it.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<aside class=\"contentitem-image mod-full-width mod-regular\">\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dynamic.decorrespondent.nl\/media\/320\/59c176271e1612310379858.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dynamic.decorrespondent.nl\/media\/320\/59c176271e1612310379858.jpg 320w, https:\/\/dynamic.decorrespondent.nl\/media\/600\/59c176271e1612310379858.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dynamic.decorrespondent.nl\/media\/904\/59c176271e1612310379858.jpg 904w\" alt=\"Still from the video 'Void' by Sarah Carlier\"><figcaption class=\"contentitem-caption\">Still from the video &#8216;Void&#8217; by Sarah Carlier<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/aside>\n<h2>Why chronic loneliness is unhealthy<\/h2>\n<p>Loneliness can be temporary, <span class=\"contentitem-infocard js-contentitem-infocard mod-regular\" title=\"Scientists \"measure\" loneliness using questionnaires. The UCLA loneliness scale is a widely used questionnaire, as is the De Jong-Gierveld scale in the Netherlands. These instruments do not ask directly whether someone is lonely, but rather present participants with a number of statements that ask for this in a roundabout way, such as \"There is always someone around me to whom I can turn with my daily problems,\" or \"I miss a really good friend. Based on their score, participants are labeled as \"not lonely,\" \"moderately lonely\" or \"very lonely.\" data-id=\"115207\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-infocard-toggle-container js-toggle\"><abbr class=\"contentitem-infocard-snippet\">mild or moderate or severe; <\/abbr> <\/span><br \/>\n<\/span>it can also be chronic. The latter in particular is <span class=\"contentitem-infocard js-contentitem-infocard mod-regular\" title=\"According to CBS estimates, 4 percent of the population is \"strongly lonely. RIVM relies on surveys by GGDs and comes out higher: at 8 percent \"strongly lonely\" and 20 percent \"moderately lonely.\" data-id=\"115208\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-infocard-toggle-container js-toggle\"><abbr class=\"contentitem-infocard-snippet\">bad news. <\/abbr> <\/span><br \/>\n<\/span>It is this severe, long-term variety that we are talking about when we talk about loneliness as a public health threat.<\/p>\n<p>Because for those who are too severely lonely for too long, the condition turns from adaptive to self-destructive. This has psychological consequences &#8211; as British writer Olivia Laing aptly describes it in her book <em>The Lonely City <\/em>, loneliness is something that &#8220;comes up cold as ice and clear as glass to surround and swallow you.<\/p>\n<p>But there are also physical consequences: for example, lonely people appear to exercise less and sleep worse than non-lonely people.<\/p>\n<p>Lonely people also have higher blood pressure and a more active stress-response system; their immune system functions less well, they are more likely to suffer from dementia and are more likely <span class=\"contentitem-infocard js-contentitem-infocard mod-regular\" title=\"Julianne Holt-Lunstad, Timothy B. Smith, Mark Baker et. al: \"Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Meta-Analytic Review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, Vol.10, No.2 (2015)\" data-id=\"115210\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-infocard-toggle-container js-toggle\"><abbr class=\"contentitem-infocard-snippet\">of dying prematurely. <\/abbr> <\/span><br \/>\n<\/span>Now correlation is not always the same as causation, but that doesn&#8217;t make the findings any less <span class=\"contentitem-infocard js-contentitem-infocard mod-regular\" title=\"The fact that loneliness and many health problems are related does not always mean that loneliness causes those problems. It could also be the other way around, or it is possible that there is a third factor responsible for both loneliness and poor health.\" data-id=\"115211\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-infocard-toggle-container js-toggle\"><br \/>\n    <abbr class=\"contentitem-infocard-snippet\">sad.<\/abbr><br \/>\n  <\/span><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Loneliness is as bad for you as smoking and obesity<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>A meta-analysis of seventy studies on the health effects of loneliness and social isolation concluded two years ago that loneliness is as bad for you as smoking and obesity and should be understood <span class=\"contentitem-infocard js-contentitem-infocard mod-regular\" title=\"Source: Julianne Holt-Lunstad, Timothy B. Smith, Mark Baker et. al: \"Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Meta-Analytic Review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, Vol.10, No.2 (2015)\" data-id=\"115212\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-infocard-toggle-container js-toggle\"><br \/>\n    <abbr class=\"contentitem-infocard-snippet\">as a public health issue. <\/abbr><br \/>\n  <\/span><br \/>\n<\/span> <\/p>\n<p>It will be: in addition to scientists, governments, civil society organizations and even <span class=\"contentitem-sidenote mod-regular js-contentitem-sidenote\" data-id=\"115213\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-desktop\"><a class=\"contentitem-sidenote-description js-description js-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.samentegeneenzaamheid.nl\/blog\/blik-uit-de-wetenschap\/een-kostenperspectief-op-eenzaamheid\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-public=\"1\">Read here, for example, about a report recently released by Deloitte on the cost of loneliness.<\/a><span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-snippet\">international consultants<\/span> <\/span><br \/>\n<\/span>are working on the subject. Loneliness is the new smoking, the latest disease of affluence, the latest collective enemy that we must all fight together.<\/p>\n<p>&#8216;It is indeed a bit of a hype at the moment,&#8217; said VU professor Theo van Tilburg, who has been researching loneliness for nearly four decades now &#8211; and who, incidentally, can only <span class=\"contentitem-infocard js-contentitem-infocard mod-regular\" title=\"According to Van Tilburg, political and social interest in loneliness has been growing for about a decade, after it had also briefly been on the agenda of policymakers in the 1970s.\" data-id=\"115216\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-infocard-toggle-container js-toggle\"><br \/>\n    <abbr class=\"contentitem-infocard-snippet\">applaud. <\/abbr><br \/>\n  <\/span><br \/>\n<\/span> <\/p>\n<p>Van Tilburg attributes the discovery of loneliness as a policy issue in part to the accumulating scientific insights <span class=\"contentitem-infocard js-contentitem-infocard mod-regular\" title=\"In addition, since 2015, municipalities have been responsible for implementing the Social Support Act - and thus for the care and well-being of people who cannot live independently. Van Tilburg: 'As a result, the municipality got to people's front doors more, and saw that there were a lot of problems there,' including loneliness. 'Since then, they also see themselves more as players in this field.'\" data-id=\"115217\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-infocard-toggle-container js-toggle\"><br \/>\n    <abbr class=\"contentitem-infocard-snippet\">surrounding the phenomenon. <\/abbr><br \/>\n  <\/span><br \/>\n<\/span> <\/p>\n<p>For about a decade now, he says, it has been percolating &#8220;that lonely people are not just a little unhappy, but less healthy. So they make greater demands on the health care system, and therefore there is more interest in control and prevention. And then you also had the discovery that someone had been dead for ten years. <span class=\"contentitem-sidenote mod-regular js-contentitem-sidenote\" data-id=\"115219\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-desktop\"><a class=\"contentitem-sidenote-description js-description js-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nos.nl\/artikel\/577844-tien-jaar-onopgemerkt-dood-in-huis.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-public=\"1\">That was discovered in Rotterdam.<\/a><span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-snippet\">in her home<\/span> <\/span><br \/>\n<\/span>&#8211; that greatly increased awareness, even among administrators.&#8217;<\/p>\n<p>And so last summer, Amsterdam appointed a &#8220;director&#8221; to tackle loneliness in the city  <span class=\"contentitem-sidenote mod-regular js-contentitem-sidenote\" data-id=\"115221\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-desktop\"><a class=\"contentitem-sidenote-description js-description js-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.movisie.nl\/artikel\/begint-snappen-wat-eenzaamheid-eigenlijk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-public=\"1\">That director was first responsible for fighting obesity in Amsterdam.<\/a><span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-snippet\">reduction,<\/span> <\/span><br \/>\n<\/span>and also led Rotterdam&#8217;s &#8220;fight against loneliness  <span class=\"contentitem-sidenote mod-regular js-contentitem-sidenote\" data-id=\"115222\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-desktop\"><br \/>\n    <a class=\"contentitem-sidenote-description js-description js-link\" href=\"http:\/\/arminius.nu\/programma\/eenzaam-rotterdam-rotterdamse-aanpak\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-public=\"1\">Arminius will soon host a debate on &#8220;Loneliness, the Rotterdam approach. <\/a><br \/>\n    <span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-snippet\">proclaimed. <\/span><br \/>\n  <\/span><br \/>\n<\/span>And in the rest of the Netherlands, this year&#8217;s &#8216;Week Against Loneliness&#8217; is experiencing  <span class=\"contentitem-sidenote mod-regular js-contentitem-sidenote\" data-id=\"115224\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-desktop\"><a class=\"contentitem-sidenote-description js-description js-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.samentegeneenzaamheid.nl\/week-tegen-eenzaamheid\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-public=\"1\">Read more about the Week Against Loneliness here.<\/a><span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-snippet\">its eighth edition.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<aside class=\"contentitem-image mod-full-width mod-regular\">\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dynamic.decorrespondent.nl\/media\/320\/59c17645493721226150015.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dynamic.decorrespondent.nl\/media\/320\/59c17645493721226150015.jpg 320w, https:\/\/dynamic.decorrespondent.nl\/media\/600\/59c17645493721226150015.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dynamic.decorrespondent.nl\/media\/904\/59c17645493721226150015.jpg 904w\" alt=\"Still from the video 'Void' by Sarah Carlier\"><figcaption class=\"contentitem-caption\">Still from the video &#8216;Void&#8217; by Sarah Carlier<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/aside>\n<h2>Loneliness makes one lonely<\/h2>\n<p>Not that it is an easy struggle. Indeed, loneliness &#8211; the severe, chronic variety &#8211; tends to be self-sustaining. This is because lonely people see the world differently &#8211; and the least sad manifestation of this is the unearthing of <em>faces in things <\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Study after study shows that those who feel lonely are also relatively more alert to social threats, more sensitive to <span class=\"contentitem-infocard js-contentitem-infocard mod-regular\" title=\"Source: John T. Cacioppo and Louise C. Hawkley, \"Perceived social isolation and cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Vol.13, No.10 (2009)\" data-id=\"115225\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-infocard-toggle-container js-toggle\"><abbr class=\"contentitem-infocard-snippet\">negative social cues, <\/abbr> <\/span><br \/>\n<\/span>and more self-centered than those <span class=\"contentitem-infocard js-contentitem-infocard mod-regular\" title=\"Source: The evolutionary explanation given for this is as follows: those who feel lonely on the one hand have a need for contact, but on the other hand become more alert to danger, because social isolation could be life-threatening for our distant ancestors. This alertness is a self-protective mechanism in the short term, but actually harmful in the long term.\" data-id=\"115226\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-infocard-toggle-container js-toggle\"><br \/>\n    <abbr class=\"contentitem-infocard-snippet\">is not lonely. <\/abbr><br \/>\n  <\/span><br \/>\n<\/span> <\/p>\n<p>It is easy to guess that all of these traits mainly get in the way of making meaningful social contact. Long-term loners, according to John T. Cacioppo, fall into a &#8220;defensive posture,&#8221; in which they repel rather than attract others, and thus become even more lonely.<\/p>\n<p>Or, in Olivia Laing&#8217;s words, &#8220;Loneliness encapsulates you and grows around you like a fungus or fur, a protective layer that makes contact impossible, no matter how much you want that contact.<\/p>\n<p>That makes tackling loneliness a difficult task, Van Tilburg said. Attempts by organizations and volunteers to address loneliness &#8220;focus primarily on providing contact opportunities. But for lonely people it is precisely not easy <span class=\"contentitem-infocard js-contentitem-infocard mod-regular\" title=\"Source: Intervention projects are more often organized than evaluated - partly because it simply takes a lot of time and money to set up and implement a well-evaluated project. An evaluation of ten \"intervention projects\" conducted between 2001 and 2005 to address loneliness among the elderly found that, in each case, \"commitment and good intentions\" are \"not enough to address loneliness. Of those 10 projects, only two were successful in bringing down participants' loneliness: an \"individual Internet-to-home\" project involving participants who were housebound due to illness or disability, and a project offering group activities (coffee time and discussion groups) within a residential care center. Other interventions did not seem to help much, if at all. To \"socially activate\" older people, it is not enough to organize joint activities; moreover, loneliness is an individual matter that requires a tailored approach. \" data-id=\"115227\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-infocard-toggle-container js-toggle\"><br \/>\n    <abbr class=\"contentitem-infocard-snippet\">to respond to that. <\/abbr><br \/>\n  <\/span><br \/>\n<\/span> <\/p>\n<blockquote><p>&#8216;Loneliness grows coat around you, a protective layer that makes contact impossible, no matter how much you want that contact&#8217;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Illustrative was the music festival Forever Young, held last summer in Grootebroek: the organizer hoped to bring lonely elderly people out of their isolation. However, the NOS reporter walking around there just couldn&#8217;t manage to find a lonely elderly person  <span class=\"contentitem-sidenote mod-regular js-contentitem-sidenote\" data-id=\"115228\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-desktop\"><a class=\"contentitem-sidenote-description js-description js-link\" href=\"https:\/\/nos.nl\/op3\/artikel\/2189483-op-dit-festival-testen-ze-alleen-op-paracetamolletjes.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-public=\"1\">Watch the NOS report on Forever Young back here.<\/a><span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-snippet\">to speak to,<\/span> <\/span><\/span>And that is not surprising: those who are really lonely are not likely to get on a bus with unknown peers and stroll around a festival terrain mooching.<\/p>\n<p>&#8216;Only people who are not lonely,&#8217; Robert Weiss wrote in 1973, &#8216;think you can cure loneliness by putting an end to being alone.&#8217;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"contentitem-infocard js-contentitem-infocard mod-regular\" title=\"Source: Christopher M. Masi, Hsi-Yuan Chen, Louise C. Hawkley, and John T. Cacioppo: \"A Meta-Analysis of Interventions to Reduce Loneliness. Personality and Social Psychology Review, Vol. 15, No.3 (2011)\" data-id=\"115233\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-infocard-toggle-container js-toggle\"><abbr class=\"contentitem-infocard-snippet\">A 2011 meta-study <\/abbr> <\/span><br \/>\n<\/span>compared four ways loneliness is typically combated: creating opportunities for social contact, increasing social support, improving social skills and &#8220;social cognition&#8221; approaches.<\/p>\n<p>The latter method in particular, for example in the form of cognitive behavioral therapy or a course, addresses the subjective nature of loneliness and the way chronically lonely people interpret social situations &#8211; and also showed the most promise  <span class=\"contentitem-sidenote mod-regular js-contentitem-sidenote\" data-id=\"115235\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-desktop\"><a class=\"contentitem-sidenote-description js-description js-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/science\/2016\/feb\/28\/loneliness-is-like-an-iceberg-john-cacioppo-social-neuroscience-interview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-public=\"1\">In this Guardian interview, Cacioppo talks more about the individual approach to loneliness.<\/a><span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-snippet\">from the bus.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>It sounds logical: loneliness is an individual issue, so the approach should be too. Or, as Norwegian philosopher Lars Svendsen puts it in his recently published <em><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-sidenote mod-regular js-contentitem-sidenote\" data-id=\"115236\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n    <span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-desktop\"><a class=\"contentitem-sidenote-description js-description js-link\" href=\"http:\/\/press.uchicago.edu\/ucp\/books\/book\/distributed\/P\/bo26297655.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-public=\"1\">You can read more about A Philosophy of Loneliness at the University of Chicago Press site.<\/a><span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-snippet\">A Philosophy of Loneliness:<\/span> <\/span><br \/>\n  <\/span><br \/>\n<\/em>&#8216;Loneliness can strike at any time. It is a loneliness for which you yourself must take responsibility. Because at the end of the day, it&#8217;s still <em>your <\/em>loneliness.<\/p>\n<p>Sounds logical, but also a bit lonely.<\/p>\n<aside class=\"contentitem-image mod-full-width mod-regular\">\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dynamic.decorrespondent.nl\/media\/320\/59c17661157722180238766.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dynamic.decorrespondent.nl\/media\/320\/59c17661157722180238766.jpg 320w, https:\/\/dynamic.decorrespondent.nl\/media\/600\/59c17661157722180238766.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dynamic.decorrespondent.nl\/media\/904\/59c17661157722180238766.jpg 904w\" alt=\"Still from the video 'Void' by Sarah Carlier\"><figcaption class=\"contentitem-caption\">Still from the video &#8216;Void&#8217; by Sarah Carlier<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/aside>\n<h2>But are they even with more?<\/h2>\n<p>Most Dutch people, surveys show, <em>think<\/em> that loneliness is <span class=\"contentitem-infocard js-contentitem-infocard mod-regular\" title=\"Source: A survey conducted by TNS\/NIPO five years ago found that more than 70 percent of the Dutch saw loneliness as a problem, that Dutch people thought that one-third of the population was strongly to very strongly lonely (it was 11 percent), and that 70 percent of the population thought that the prevalence of loneliness had increased over the past 20 years. Given the growing attention to the subject, I would not be surprised if these figures have risen since then, but a follow-up survey is still pending. \" data-id=\"115250\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-infocard-toggle-container js-toggle\"><abbr class=\"contentitem-infocard-snippet\">is a growing problem <\/abbr> <\/span><br \/>\n<\/span>&#8211; and terms such as &#8220;loneliness epidemic&#8221; and &#8220;<em>age of loneliness<\/em>&#8221; pop up regularly in the media. Yet it remains to be seen whether loneliness is actually a bigger problem than, say, <span class=\"contentitem-infocard js-contentitem-infocard mod-regular\" title=\"Source: At least according to this meta-analysis, which compared figures on loneliness among the elderly in several European countries, this is not true for the elderly.\" data-id=\"115251\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-infocard-toggle-container js-toggle\"><br \/>\n    <abbr class=\"contentitem-infocard-snippet\">twenty or thirty years ago. <\/abbr><br \/>\n  <\/span><br \/>\n<\/span> <\/p>\n<p>According to Theo van Tilburg, who with the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam has been researching people aged 55 and older for 25 years, although the absolute number of lonely older people has increased &#8211; for the simple reason that we are all getting older &#8211; the  <em>individual probability of becoming lonely <\/em>remained constant, and for some age groups  <span class=\"contentitem-infocard js-contentitem-infocard mod-regular\" title=\"Source: Is loneliness increasing or not? The answer, writes Theo van Tilburg in a 2014 article, is twofold: relatively speaking, there is a decrease, because the individual probability of loneliness has gone down. The number of lonely people does increase, and that is because the at-risk group - people about 75 and older - is growing in absolute terms. In the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam, co-led by Van Tilburg, a total of 6,209 participants aged 55 to 89 were surveyed between 1992 and 2012. A distinction was made between elderly people who were not, moderately or severely lonely. On average, 30 percent of participants were lonely; 27 percent moderately and 3 percent strongly. Between 1992 and 2012, prevention decreased by 3 percentage points, from 32 percent to 29 percent. Thus, the individual probability of loneliness did not increase, but rather decreased. The study does show that the older we get, the greater the likelihood of loneliness: from 18 percent among 55-year-olds to 46 percent among people 85 and older. The proportion of severely lonely people only really starts to increase from the age of 75, and remains stuck around 8 percent. However, the number of moderately and severely lonely people in the Netherlands increased by 320 and 34 thousand respectively between 1992 and 2012. This is because the older population is growing. So the individual probability decreases, the total number of lonely people increases. The link between loneliness and age is related, among other things, to health problems, which make it more difficult for people to maintain social contacts, and to the death of partners and loved ones.  \" data-id=\"115252\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><span class=\"contentitem-infocard-toggle-container js-toggle\"><abbr class=\"contentitem-infocard-snippet\">even decreased slightly.  <\/abbr><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>There are a lot more studies on loneliness among the elderly than among the young, but also among students and schoolchildren, recent American <span class=\"contentitem-infocard js-contentitem-infocard mod-regular\" title=\"Source: The study looked at the prevalence of loneliness among college students between 1978 and 2009, and among high school students between 1991 and 2012, and found no increase. \" data-id=\"115253\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-infocard-toggle-container js-toggle\"><br \/>\n    <abbr class=\"contentitem-infocard-snippet\">research, <\/abbr><br \/>\n  <\/span><br \/>\n<\/span>loneliness had declined rather than <span class=\"contentitem-infocard js-contentitem-infocard mod-regular\" title=\"Source: Earlier research, among a total of more than 400,000 American high school students in their senior year of high school, found that in terms of individual risk of loneliness, nothing had actually changed between 1976 and 2006.\" data-id=\"115256\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-infocard-toggle-container js-toggle\"><br \/>\n    <abbr class=\"contentitem-infocard-snippet\">increased. <\/abbr><br \/>\n  <\/span><br \/>\n<\/span> <\/p>\n<p>And according to loneliness figures from the Central Bureau of Statistics, even in the Netherlands the number of severely lonely people in all age groups has remained <span class=\"contentitem-infocard js-contentitem-infocard mod-regular\" title=\"Source: CBS: Loneliness in the Netherlands (2016)\" data-id=\"115257\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-infocard-toggle-container js-toggle\"><abbr class=\"contentitem-infocard-snippet\">remained more or less constant in recent years. <\/abbr> <\/span><br \/>\n<\/span>(However, among Dutch people between the ages of 25 and 35, the proportion of &#8220;somewhat lonely&#8221; grew by a few percent between 2012 and 2015.)<\/p>\n<p>Either way, we tend to overestimate the problem: where most measurements come out at about 4 to 8 percent of &#8220;severely lonely&#8221; Dutch people, we <em>think <\/em>the percentage is much higher &#8211; viz. <span class=\"contentitem-infocard js-contentitem-infocard mod-regular\" title=\"See Ingrid Doorten: \"Background Study on Loneliness: Facts and Figures\" (RVS, 2016).\" data-id=\"115264\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-infocard-toggle-container js-toggle\"><br \/>\n    <abbr class=\"contentitem-infocard-snippet\">at well over 30 percent. <\/abbr><br \/>\n  <\/span><br \/>\n<\/span> <\/p>\n<p>Therefore, if there is an epidemic of loneliness at all, writes philosopher Lars Svendsen, it plays out primarily in the media &#8211; and in our heads. It is the <em>attention<\/em> that has grown, not necessarily <span class=\"contentitem-infocard js-contentitem-infocard mod-regular\" title=\"The Volkskrant recently published a long piece that nuanced the idea of a 'loneliness epidemic,' only to end ominously: 'There is no evidence that individualization and the impoverishment of the welfare state have increased loneliness. The question is, will it stay that way?' That end sentence captures exactly what is happening in the debate around loneliness: it is driven by fear, more so than reality.\" data-id=\"115259\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-infocard-toggle-container js-toggle\"><br \/>\n    <abbr class=\"contentitem-infocard-snippet\">the phenomenon itself. <\/abbr><br \/>\n  <\/span><br \/>\n<\/span> <\/p>\n<h2>Why we think loneliness is on the rise<\/h2>\n<p>This growing attention is not surprising. After all, many of the social and technological developments of recent times promise connectedness and freedom, only to in reality throw us mostly back to ourselves &#8211; an uncomfortable development that in any case fuels the <em>fear<\/em> of loneliness.<\/p>\n<p>Go figure: the performance society demands that each one go for her own career first and foremost, and in the meantime draws a trail of burned-out, jaded, and depressed couch potatoes &#8211; <span class=\"contentitem-infocard js-contentitem-infocard mod-regular\" title=\"Because as author Andrew Solomon described it a few years ago, Depression is a disease of loneliness. \" data-id=\"115265\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-infocard-toggle-container js-toggle\"><abbr class=\"contentitem-infocard-snippet\">all lonely souls <\/abbr> <\/span><br \/>\n<\/span>who can no longer keep up with the rest.<\/p>\n<p>The participation society reduces rather than increases mutual solidarity by sending the message that people should first look to themselves and their immediate environment before turning to the state for help.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Many technological advances promise connectedness, but throw us back on ourselves<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>And while social media connects us more than ever, at the same time it makes it much easier for us to retreat into our own cocoons &#8211;  <em><span class=\"contentitem-sidenote mod-regular js-contentitem-sidenote\" data-id=\"115266\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-desktop\"><a class=\"contentitem-sidenote-description js-description js-link\" href=\"http:\/\/alonetogetherbook.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-public=\"1\">Read more about Alone Together on Sherry Turkle&#8217;s website.<\/a><span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-snippet\">Alone Together,<\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/em>as the widely read book by MIT professor Sherry Turkle described it a few years ago.<\/p>\n<p>We follow, like and retweet Faces in Things, but meanwhile fear losing face-to-face contact with neighbors, cashiers and even friends. And those who are on social media a lot, you often hear, become self-absorbed, mirror the purely positive and social images posted by others, and feel <span class=\"contentitem-sidenote mod-regular js-contentitem-sidenote\" data-id=\"115270\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-desktop\"><br \/>\n    <a class=\"contentitem-sidenote-description js-description js-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/magazine\/archive\/2012\/05\/is-facebook-making-us-lonely\/308930\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-public=\"1\">The Atlantic: Is Facebook Making Us Lonely?<\/a><br \/>\n    <span class=\"contentitem-sidenote-snippet\">feeling even lonelier.<\/span><br \/>\n  <\/span><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Research on the link between loneliness and social media use is scarce, and what there is is quite nuanced: people with a good offline social network seem to benefit, people who were already lonely <span class=\"contentitem-infocard js-contentitem-infocard mod-regular\" title=\"Research into the psychological effects of social media has the great flaw that advances in technology move faster than most researchers can work. Theo van Tilburg says of social media, \"In the past, if you weren't invited to a party, you didn't need to know about it - and there was little chance of it affecting you. Nowadays, you will see that much earlier: so the effect of exclusion is more intense and frequent online. There is also much more bullying on social media.' So social media can indeed have a negative effect. But, he adds, \"For people who have a good offline network, social media only makes that network stronger. You get out of social media what you put in. Van Tilburg: \"It would have to be better researched, but I suspect that the haves can benefit from it, and the have-nots are actually not helped by it.\" data-id=\"115269\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-infocard-toggle-container js-toggle\"><br \/>\n    <abbr class=\"contentitem-infocard-snippet\">precisely not. <\/abbr><br \/>\n  <\/span><br \/>\n<\/span> <\/p>\n<p>No matter: no one who has ever spent a Saturday night alone on Facebook, wandering through the enviable social lives of others, will be able to deny the <em>feeling <\/em>that this connection exists.<\/p>\n<aside class=\"contentitem-image mod-full-width mod-regular\">\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/dynamic.decorrespondent.nl\/media\/320\/59c176a5e0c456597774039.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dynamic.decorrespondent.nl\/media\/320\/59c176a5e0c456597774039.jpg 320w, https:\/\/dynamic.decorrespondent.nl\/media\/600\/59c176a5e0c456597774039.jpg 600w, https:\/\/dynamic.decorrespondent.nl\/media\/904\/59c176a5e0c456597774039.jpg 904w\" alt=\"Still from the video 'Void' by Sarah Carlier\"><figcaption class=\"contentitem-caption\">Still from the video &#8216;Void&#8217; by Sarah Carlier<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/aside>\n<h2>The common fight against loneliness<\/h2>\n<p>Viewed in this way, the fear of loneliness is perhaps a reflection of a greater fear &#8211; fear of the consequences of a pervasive individualization, of a techno-capitalist logic that presents us all with our own reality. Fear, then, of the evaporation of all that binds and the bubbling up of bubbles that isolate us from each other.<\/p>\n<p>You could call it cultural pessimism: the fear of loneliness is the fear of who we are in danger of becoming, or perhaps already are. And the &#8220;fight against loneliness&#8221; so fanatically proclaimed is thus at the same time a fight for a different kind of society.<\/p>\n<p>&#8216;Together against loneliness.&#8217; That is the tagline of Coalitie Erbij, which organizes the Week Against Loneliness. Those first two words &#8211; &#8216;together against&#8217; &#8211; are as telling as &#8216;loneliness&#8217;: after all, there is little as fraternizing as a common enemy, little as good for a sense of belonging, as participation in a collective action.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>We fear the evaporation of all that binds and the bubbling up of bubbles that isolate us from each other<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>And then again, eliminating (severe, chronic) loneliness is something virtually no one can oppose: after all, unlike, say, smoking or too little exercise, it no longer has much to do with freedom of choice or an alternative lifestyle.<\/p>\n<p>Loneliness is the flag under which society can pull together, the threat from which we flee like a herd.<\/p>\n<p>I was once taught by an American sociologist who had been at the forefront of the student protest movement in his younger days. We talked about Occupy, and the accusation that that movement had &#8220;done nothing.<\/p>\n<p>Not true, he said: for the people who had participated in it, he said, who had thrown their bodies into battle, slept in the cold, walked in protest marches, it had made <em>all the <\/em>difference. They had experienced what it means to commit yourself, along with thousands of others, to something &#8211; to something bigger than yourself.<\/p>\n<p>Perhaps solitude &#8211; not the experience of solitude, but solitude as a symbol &#8211; does the same for us. Shivering with fear of the monster called loneliness, we crawled against each other &#8211; and that was exactly where we wanted to be.<\/p>\n<p><em>With thanks to <span class=\"contentitem-infocard js-contentitem-infocard mod-regular\" title=\"Annette Spithoven is researching loneliness in young people at the Catholic University of Leuven. \" data-id=\"115368\" data-publication-id=\"7336\"><br \/>\n  <span class=\"contentitem-infocard-toggle-container js-toggle\"><abbr class=\"contentitem-infocard-snippet\">Annette Spithoven <\/abbr> <\/span><br \/>\n<\/span>for leading the way in the world of loneliness studies.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/decorrespondent.nl\/7336\/wie-is-er-bang-voor-eenzaamheid\/2390394826512-24025f2f\">https:\/\/decorrespondent.nl\/7336\/wie-is-er-bang-voor-eenzaamheid\/2390394826512-24025f2f<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>God already didn&#8217;t like the idea of Adam going through life alone, and we haven&#8217;t stopped talking about it since.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":14493,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[635,626],"tags":[633,646,650,629,637,644,651],"class_list":["post-15005","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mentally-stronger","category-thinking","tag-balance","tag-depression","tag-healing-en","tag-love-en","tag-meaning","tag-psychology","tag-self-en"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Who is afraid of a h i g h ? 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